نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار گروه حقوق، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
2 استادیار گروه حقوق، واحد بندرعباس، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بندرعباس، ایران
چکیده
بامداد سوم ژانویة 2020 سردار قاسم سلیمانی و همراهانشان در نزدیکی فرودگاه بغداد هدف حملة پهپادی ایالات متحدة آمریکا قرار گرفتند و به شهادت رسیدند. رئیس‌جمهور، وزیر امور خارجه و برخی دیگر از مقامات آمریکا در اولین اظهارنظرهای خود، اقدام فوق را دفاع مشروع پیشدستانه در مقابل یک حملة قریب‌الوقوع اعلام کردند، اما دولت آمریکا چند روز بعد در نامه‌ای به شورای امنیت، اقدام موردنظر را دفاع مشروع در مقابل یک کارزار مسلحانه و رشته‌ای از حملات واقعی نیروهای وابسته به ایران طی ماه‌های پایانی سال 2019 اعلام کرد؛ حملاتی که به ادعای مقامات آمریکایی به نیابت از جمهوری اسلامی ایران و به راهبری سردار سلیمانی علیه پایگاه‌ها، اماکن دیپلماتیک و نیروهای آمریکایی اجرا شده بود. این نامه را می‌توان موضع رسمی آمریکا تلقی کرد. در این زمینه برخی حقوقدانان با توسل به دکترین «انباشت رویدادها»، توجیه دولت آمریکا را قابل قبول دانستند. پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از شیوة توصیفی- تحلیلی و از طریق تجزیه‌و‌تحلیل منابع کتابخانه‌ای، شواهد و اسناد موجود، توجیه رسمی آمریکا را ارزیابی می‌کند و بر آن است که این مدعا و استدلال‌های حقوقدانان مدافع آن، فاقد وجاهت حقوقی بین‌المللی بوده و شیوة تفسیری خطرناکی از حق دفاع مشروع در حقوق بین‌الملل است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
A critical assessment of the American justification for the assassination of general Soleimani from the perspective of the law of use of force
نویسندگان [English]
- Abdolhosein Safaee 1
- Mohammad Aghayan Hoseini 2
1 Assistant Prof. of Law Department, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Assistant Prof. of Law Department, Bandarabbas Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandarabbas, Iran.
چکیده [English]
Abstract: On the morning of January 3, 2020, General Qassem Soleimani and his companions were targeted by a US drone near Baghdad airport and were martyred. In their first comments, the president and some other officials of the US declared the aforementioned action as Anticipatory Self-defense against an imminent attack, but in its letter to the Security Council, the American government declared the intended action as a Self-defense against an armed campaign and a series of real attacks by Iran-affiliated forces during the last months of 2019. The attacks that were carried out by the American authorities on behalf of the Islamic Republic of Iran and under the leadership of General Soleimani against bases, diplomatic places and American forces. This letter can be considered the official position of the United States. In this regard, some jurists found the American government's justification acceptable by resorting to the doctrine of "accumulation of events". The current research has evaluated the official justification of the US by using the analytical descriptive method and concluded that this claim and the arguments of the lawyers who defend it lack international legal validity and it is dangerous interpretation of the right of Self-defense in international law.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Use of force
- General Qassem Soleimani
- Self-Defense
- Doctrine of accumulation of events.
- فارسی
الف) کتاب
- فلک، دیتر (1391). حقوق بشردوستانه در مخاصمات مسلحانه. ترجمه و ویرایش سید قاسم زمانی و نادر ساعد، تهران: شهر دانش.
ب) مقالات
- قاسمی، علی؛ بارین چهاربخش، ویکتور (1390). رویة قضایی دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری در خصوص دفاع مشروع پس از رویداد یازدهم سپتامبر 2001. مجلة حقوقی بین‌المللی، 28(45)، 175-194.
- ممتاز، جمشید؛ صابری انصاری، بهزاد (1391). تأثیر رویة بعدی دولت‌ها بر اصل منع تهدید و توسل به زور. فصلنامة راهبرد، (63)، تابستان، 175-204.
ج) وبگاه
- ممتاز، جمشید (1386). «دفاع مشروع در رویة قضایی دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری» سخنرانی در مرکز ایرانی مطالعات عالی بین‌المللی دانشگاه تهران نهم مهرماه هزار سیصد و هشتادوشش. برگرفته از لینک:
http://internationallawof.blogfa.com/post/369
- انگلیسی
- A) Books
- Alexandrov, S. A. (1996). Self-defense against the use of force in international law, Kluwer law international, Hague.
- Cassese, A. (2005). International Law. 2nd edn, Oxford University Press.
- Dinstein, Y. (2017). War, Aggression and Self-Defence. 6th edn, Cambridge University Press.
- Gray, C. (2018). International Law and the Use of Force. Oxford University Press.
- Ruys, T. (2010). 'Armed Attack' and Article 51 of the UN Charter: Evolutions in Customary Law and Practice, Cambridge University Press.
- Yearbook of International Law Commission, 1980, Vol. I.
- B) Articles
- Jain, A. G. (2014). Rationalising International Law Rules on Self-Defence: The Pin-Prick Doctrine. Chicago-Kent Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. XII, (2), 23-70
- MacGibbon, I. (1958). Estoppel in International Law. 7 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 458-468.
- Smith, C., Singer-Emery, J. (2019). Servants of Two Masters: The Risks Inherent in Iraq’s Hashd al-Sha’abi Legislation. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 167-229.
- Talmon, S., & Heipertz, M. (2020). The U.S. killing of Iranian General Qasem Soleimani: of wrong trees and red herrings, and why the killing may be lawful after all. German Practice in International Law, Bonn Research Papers on International Law Paper No. 18/2020,
- Tams, C. J. (2009). The Use of Force against Terrorists. European Journal of International Law, 20(2), 359–397.
- C) Documents
- The United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2625, "The Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States" was adopted by the General Assembly on 24 October 1970
- Letter dated 8 January 2020 from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council, UN Doc S/2020/20, 9 January 2020.
- Human Rights Council, Forty Fourth Session, 29 June 2020, A/HRC/44/38
- D) Sites
- Cohen, Z. (2020). "Barr and Pompeo shift justification for Iran strike from 'imminent' threat to deterrence", https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/13/politics/pompeo-barr-soleimani-strike-iran-rationale/index.html
- Iranian Strikes in Iraq, Fact Sheet, Office of the Spokesperson, 8 January 2020, https://www.state.gov/iranian-strikes-in-iraq/.
- Milanovic, M. (2020). The Soleimani Strike and Self-Defence against an Imminent Armed Attack. European journal of international law blog, link: https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-soleimani-strike-and-self-defence-against-an-imminent-armed-attack/
- O'Connell, M. E. (2020). The Killing of Soleimani and International Law. European journal of international law blog, link: https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-killing-of-soleimani-and-international-law/
- Rucker, P., Hudson, J., Harris, S. & Dawsey, J. (2020). “Four embassies”: The anatomy of Trump’s unfounded claim about Iran, 14 January 2020, https://www.inquirer.com/politics/nation/four-embassies-trump-iran-soleimani-20200114.html
- E) Case law
- Advisory Opinion on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, 9 July 2004, ICJ Reports 2004.
- Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, 8 July 1996, ICJ Reports 1996.
- Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnian and Herzegovina v Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, ICJ Reports 2007
- Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo v Uganda), Judgment, ICJ Reports 2005.
- Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission partial Award: “Jus Ad Bellum”, Ethiopia's claims 1 -8, 19 December 2005, (2006), 45 International Legal Materials.
- Fleck, D. (2008). The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 2nd ed. Edited by Dieter Fleck. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
- Ghasemi, A., barin Chaharbakh, V. (2012). Self-defense in the Post - 9/11: An Examination of the Jurisprudence of the ICJ, International Law Review, 28(45), 175-194. Doi: 22066/cilamag.2011.16951
- Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v United States of America), Merits, Judgment, ICJ Reports 1986.
- Momtaz, J., Saberi Niavarani, B. (2012). Impact of Subsequent Practice of States on the Principle of “Prohibition of Use of Force and Threat”, 21(2), Serial Number 63, September 2012 Dor: 1001.1.10283102.1391.21.2.6.0
- Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v United States of America), Judgment, ICJ Reports 2003.
- Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia vs. Thailand), Judgment, ICJ Reports 1962.
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