نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد قم، قم، ایران
2 دانشیار، گروه حقوق، دانشگاه حضرت معصومه (س)، قم، ایران
3 دانشیار، گروه حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشکدة حقوق، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران
چکیده
ظهور و رشد روزافزون بازیگران غیردولتی و به‌تبع آن افزایش مخاصمات مسلحانة غیر بین‌المللی در چند دهة اخیر، بحث مشروعیت بازداشت نیروهای نظامی و غیرنظامیان توسط گروه‌های مذکور را مطرح کرده است. در این پژوهش سعی نویسندگان بر آن است تا با استفاده از شیوة توصیفی- تحلیلی به بررسی موضوعِ امکان و اجازة بازداشت توسط گروه‌های مسلح غیردولتی با استناد به حقوق معاهده‌ای، عرفی و دیگر اصول حقوقی بپردازند. نتیجة بررسی‌ها حاکی از آن است که حقوق بین‌الملل بشردوستانه در این خصوص موضع صریحی اتخاذ نکرده و ارزیابی مشروعیت بازداشت موقت توسط گروه‌های مسلح غیردولتی را تابع قوانین داخلی دولت‌ها ساخته است. این رویکرد، نشأت‌گرفته از دیدگاه سنتی دولت‌ها در زمینۀ عدم شناسایی رسمی این نهادهای غیردولتی در جامعة بین‌المللی بوده است. در این زمینه طبق مفاد مادة 3 مشترک کنوانسیون‌های 1949 ژنو و پروتکل دوم الحاقی 1977 و یاری جستن از قواعد عرفی حقوق بین‌المللی بشردوستانه، مشروعیت ضمنی بازداشت توسط گروه‌های مسلح غیردولتی به‌ویژه با تأکید بر دلایل و ضرورت‌های امنیتی، اصل برابری طرفین مخاصمه، کسب منفعت نظامی و سایر رویکردها توجیه‌پذیر است. بی‌گمان قاعده‌مند شدن بازداشت در حوزة مخاصمات مسلحانة غیربین‌المللی، امکان حمایت بشردوستانه از بازداشت‌شدگان این نوع مخاصمات را میسر می‌سازد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Legitimacy of temporary detention by non-state actors in non-International armed conflicts
نویسندگان [English]
- Yalda Naghizadeh 1
- Seyed Hesamoddin Lesani 2
- Seyed Yaser Ziaee 3
1 Ph.D Student in International Law, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran.
2 Associate Prof, Department of Law, Hazrat-e-Masoumeh University, Qom, Iran.
3 Associate Prof, Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law, Qom University, Qom, Iran
چکیده [English]
The emergence and rise of non-state actors and consequently the increase in non-international armed conflicts in recent decades has raised the issue of the legitimacy of detaining military forces and civilians by the groups mentioned in these types of conflicts. In this study, the authors try to use a descriptive - analytical method to examine the issue of the possibility and authority of detention by non-state armed groups based on treaty, customary and other legal principles. The results of the investigations indicate that international humanitarian law has not taken an explicit position in this regard and has made the evaluation of the legitimacy of temporary detention by non-state armed groups subject to the domestic laws of governments. This approach was derived from the traditional view of governments regarding the lack of official recognition of these non-state entities in the international community. In this regard, according to the provisions of Common Article (3) of the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the Additional Protocol (II) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 and applying the customary rules of international humanitarian law, the implicit authority detention by non-state armed groups is justified, especially with emphasis on security reasons, the principle of equality of the parties to the conflict, military advantage and etc. No doubt becoming regular of detention rules in the field of non-international armed conflicts, makes it possible to provide humanitarian support for the detainees of this type of conflict.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Detention
- non-state actors
- international humanitarian law
- legality
- non-international armed conflicts.
- فارسی
الف) مقالات
- قاسمی، غلامعلی؛ کرمی، موسی؛ زندی، ریحانه (1402). حمایت از بازداشت‌شدگانِ درگیری‌های مسلحانۀ غیربین‌المللی در نظام بین‌المللی حقوق بشر: با نگاهی به قضیة سردار محمد علیه وزارت دفاع انگلستان. مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی، 14(1)، 413-432. https://doi.org/10.22059/JCL.2022.338592.634313
- لسانی، حسام‌الدین (1398). مشروعیت محاکم قضایی ایجادشده توسط گروه‌های مسلح غیردولتی. فصلنامة پژوهش حقوق عمومی، 21 (64)، 183-204. https://doi.org/10.22054/qjpl.2019.38661.2057
- انگلیسی
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- Pictet, J.S. (1958). The Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 Commentary.Geneva International Committee of the Red Cross.
- B) Articles
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- C) Documents & Reports
- Additional Protocol (II) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977.
- Common Article 3 of Geneva Conventions,1949.
- European Convention on Human Rights (EtChR)(1953).
- Geneva Convention (III) on Prisoners of War, 12 August 1949.
- Geneva Convention (IV) on on Civilians, 12 August 1949.
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- ICCPR (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights)(1966).
- ICRC (2011). New Releae, No.05/51
- ICRC (2014). "Internment in Armed Conflict: Basic Rules and Challenges”. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Opinion Paper.
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- C) Websites
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