فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی دانشگاه تهران

دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

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فهرست داوران

معیار دولت ناخواهان یا ناتوان در پرتو حقوق بین الملل عرفی

مقالات آماده انتشار

نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری رشتۀ حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، گروه حقوق عمومی و بین الملل ، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، واحد قائم‌شهر، ‏دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قائم شهر، ایران‏

2 استادیار گروه حقوق عمومی و بین‌الملل، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، واحد چالوس، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، چالوس، ایران. ‏

3 استادیار گروه حقوق عمومی و بین‌الملل، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، واحد قائم‌شهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قائم‌شهر، ایران

چکیده

از دیرباز تاکنون بازیگران غیردولتی، مانند گروه‌های تروریستی، سبب ایجاد درد و رنج‌های فراوان در جهان شده‌اند که در نتیجۀ حملات آنها، دولت‌هایی قربانی شدند و در این خصوص که چگونه با این بازیگران غیردولتی در قلمرو یک دولت خارجی مواجه و مقابله کنند، در یک مخمصۀ بی‌سابقۀ حقوقی قرار گرفتند. وقتی دولت میزبان از نظر قانونی مسئول حمله‌ها نیست، توسل به زور دولت قربانی علیه بازیگر غیردولتی در قلمرو دولت میزبان ممکن است به نقض حاکمیت و تمامیت ارضی آن دولت منجر شود. با توجه به معیار دولت ناخواهان یا ناتوان، اگر دولت سرزمینی، بی‌میل یا ناتوان به کنترل تهدیدات ایجادشده توسط بازیگران غیردولتی باشد، در این صورت دولت قربانی می‌تواند بدون کسب رضایت از دولت میزبان در قلمرو آن دولت متوسل به زور شود. بنابراین این معیار از الزامات قانونی موجود منحرف می‌شود و آستانۀ ممنوعیت توسل به زور را به‌طور چشمگیری کم می‌کند. این مقاله مبتنی بر یک روش توصیفی-تحلیلی به این پرسش پاسخ می‌دهد که معیار دولت ناخواهان یا ناتوان می‌تواند به‌عنوان هنجار تأسیسی از حقوق بین‌الملل عرفی در نظر گرفته شود؟ در نوشتار حاضر نتیجه گرفته می‌شود که این معیار و به‌تبع آن دفاع مشروع در برابر بازیگران غیردولتی، اگرچه در میان نظریه‌پردازان حقوقی از حمایت‌هایی برخوردار است، اما به دلایلی مانند فقدان عملکرد دولت و عنصر ذهنی، انتقادهای گسترده و عدم پذیرش توسط جامعۀ جهانی، اغلب به‌عنوان یک حقوق عرفی پذیرفته نشده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The "Unwilling or Unable state" Test in Light of Customary ‎International Law

نویسندگان [English]

  • Alireza Norouzi 1
  • Iraj Rezaeenezhad 2
  • Karan Rohani 3

1 Ph.D. Student in International Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Azad Islamic ‎University of Qaemshahr, Qaemshahr, Iran‎

2 Assistant Prof., Department of International Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Azad Islamic University of ‎Chalus, Chalus, Iran

3 Assistant Prof., Department of International Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, ‎Azad Islamic University of Qaemshahr, Qaemshahr, Iran‎

چکیده [English]

In the past decades, non-state actors, such as terrorist groups, have caused a lot of pain and suffering in the world, as a result of their attacks, governments have become victims, and in this regard, how to deal with these non-state actors in the territory of a foreign government and to confront, they were in an unprecedented legal predicament. In such cases, non-state actors basically use the sovereignty of the host state as a shield to protect themselves. These situations may cause the victim state to resort to force on its territory without the consent of the host state. In fact, the victim states resort to force in the territory of a state with which it has no conflict or hostility. According to the "unwilling or unable Test" if the territorial state is unwilling or unable to control the threat posed by non-state actors, then the victim state will resort to force for legitimate defense. Therefore, this measure generally deviates from the existing legal requirements and significantly lowers the threshold for the prohibition of resorting to force. Although this criterion has support among legal theorists, the legitimacy of this criterion has been discussed in international law. These debates have been faced for reasons such as the lack of government performance, widespread criticism and non-acceptance by the international community. Therefore, it can be concluded that the criterion of the unwilling or unable state, and consequently legitimate defense against non-state actors, is generally not accepted as a customary Law.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Non-state Actors
  • use of ‎force
  • Unwilling or Unable ‎test
  • Procedure of the ‎governments
  • Customary ‎international law.‎
مراجع
  1. انگلیسی
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  1. Articles
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فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی دانشگاه تهران

مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده
انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 01 مهر 1405
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  • تاریخ دریافت: 21 خرداد 1403
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