نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بینالملل، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
2 استاد، گروه حقوق عمومی و بینالملل، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
بهدنبال توسعۀ فناوریهای ارتباطی، کشورها بهتدریج متوجه نقش مافوق تصور تبلیغات در جهت دادن به افکار افراد در برابر مناسبات جهانی شدند. از همین رو در طول تاریخ، کشورها و افراد اقدام به انتشار تبلیغات خصمانه یا پروپاگاندا[1] کردند تا جهانیان را به ضروری یا بشردوستانه بودن اقدامات خصمانۀ خود متقاعد سازند. در همین خصوص، بهطور ویژه از تبلیغات خصمانه برای تحریک به مخاصمۀ مسلحانه بهمراتب استفاده شده است که نمونههای آن را در تجاوز آمریکا به عراق، قضیۀ اوکراین و تبلیغات گروهک تروریستی داعش شاهد بودیم. هدف از این مقاله، تبیین ابعاد و جایگاه تبلیغات خصمانه برای جنگ در حقوق بینالملل به روش تحلیلی-توصیفی است. بررسی قواعد و مقررات حقوق بینالملل نشان میدهدکه برخلاف تصور عموم، تبلیغات خصمانه در عرصۀ حقوق بینالملل، بارها مورد اشاره قرار گرفته و محکوم شده است. مهمترین نمونۀ آن در بند 1 مادۀ 20 میثاق حقوق مدنی و سیاسی به چشم میخورد. در همین زمینه، رویۀ قضایی و قطعنامههای سازمانهای بینالمللی نیز شاهد این مدعاست. بهسبب اهمیت مقابله با این فرایند رو به رشد، لازم است رویکرد حقوق بینالملل در خصوص تبلیغات خصمانه برای جنگ بهتفصیل بررسی شود.
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
The Approach of International Law to Hostile Propaganda for War
نویسندگان [English]
- Reihane Rikhtegar 1
- Abbas Ali Kadkhodaei 2
1 Ph.D. Student in International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Prof., Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
Following the development of communicational technologies, countries gradually found out about the unexpected role of propaganda in manipulating people’s mind in global relations. So, throughout history countries and people started broadcasting propaganda to convince the world that their hostile and illegal acts are necessary or humanitarian. Propaganda was specifically used to incite to war and its examples could be seen in United States invasion of Iraq, the case of Ukraine and ISIS propaganda. The purpose of this article is to explain the dimensions and status of hostile propaganda for war in international law by an analytical-descriptive method. Unlike what people might think, it has been repeatedly mentioned and condemned in international law. The most important example is article 20(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It is also indicated in the procedures of international tribunals and the resolutions of international organizations. In order to confront such increasing process, it is essential to study the approach of international law on propaganda for war.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- freedom of expression
- Hostile Propaganda
- International Law
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
- Armed Conflict
. فارسی
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2. انگلیسی
A)Books
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www.geneva-academy.ch/docs/memoires/memoire_timmermann.pdf
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E) Sites
- Encyclopedia Britannica: http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/478875/propaganda
Last Visit : 8/7/2015
- The Guardian:
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/07/isis-media-machine-propaganda-war
Last Visit: 8/7/2015