دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشکدة حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

2 استاد، حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشکدة حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

3 استادیار، حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشکدة حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

در حقوق بین‌الملل واژگان متعددی برای اشاره به وضعیت هنجاری یک مقرره به‌کار می‌رود. اصطلاحاتی همچون قاعده، هنجار، استاندارد، اصول راهنما، کدهای رفتاری و مقررات همگی در زمرة این تعابیرند. هرچند جایگاه و مبنای برخی از این تعابیر کاملاً شناخته شده است، اما وضعیت برخی از آنها در هاله‌ای از ابهام بوده و مستلزم بررسی بیشتری هستند. استانداردهای بین‌المللی از مفاهیمی‌اند که در دستة اخیر قرار می‌گیرند. استانداردها بعضاً توسط خود دولت‌ها و گاهی نیز توسط نهادهای غیردولتی وضع می‌شوند، با این حال موجد الزاماتی هستند. برخی از این استانداردها در پاره‌ای از ساختارهای الزام‌آور حقوقی بین‌المللی به‌ویژه آنهایی که در قلمرو حفاظت از محیط‌ زیست ایجاد شده‌اند، منعکس می‌شوند. مقالة حاضر در پی روشن ساختن جایگاه استانداردهای بین‌المللی به‌ویژه استانداردهای خصوصی، قدرت هنجاری آنها و ظرفیت و صلاحیت نهادهای واضع آنان است. برای این منظور از شیوة توصیفی-تحلیلی و پدیدارشناختی اجتماعی استفاده شده است. نتیجة بررسی‌ها حاکی از آن است که استانداردهای خصوصی زیست‌محیطی، عملاً از الزام نسبی برخوردارند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Status and Effects of Private Environmental Standards and Distinguishing them from International Rules

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sadeq Jafarzadeh Darabi 1
  • Ebrahim Beigzadeh 2
  • Mirshahbiz Shafei 3

1 Ph.D in International Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

2 Prof. Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

3 Assistant Prof. Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Various expressions are used in international law for reflecting different types and levels of normativity, such as rules, guidelines, statements, codes of conduct, standards, etc. Although some of them have clear meaning and obligatory scope the others such as “standards” are vague and uncertain. Standards are set by states and non-state actors but in both cases they create some kind of commitment. Some standards are reflected in obligatory international law structures especially in regard to environmental protection. This paper will illustrate the status of international standards and especially private standards, their normativity power and the capacity of standard setters in international law sphere. In this paper, analytical method and social phenomenology have been used. To conclude, the result of assessments shows that private standards practically have binding powers to some extent.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • environment
  • emission of GH gases
  • rule
  • shipping
  • standard
  1. فارسی

- مقالات

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  2. عبدالهی، محسن؛ عباسی، اصلی (1397)، «پدیده‌شناسی تکوین حقوق نرم در چهارچوب نظام هنجاری حقوق بین‌الملل»، مجلة تحقیقات حقوقی، ش 82، صص 107-130.

3.علیزاده مسعود (1386)، «نگاهی نو به پدیده چندپاره شدن حقوق بین­الملل»، فصلنامه اطلاع­رسانی حقوقی، سال ششم، شماره 12، صفحات 93-103.

  1. فلسفی، هدایت‌الله (1387)، «رویارویی عقل و واقعیت: مسئلة منابع (2)»، سالنامة ایرانی حقوق بین‌الملل و تطبیقی، ش 4، صص 3-36.
  2. گلشنی، عصمت و حسینی مدرس، سید مهدی (1394)، «مقایسه اثر مکاتب تفسیری اقتصادی و فرمالیستی بر حقوق»، دوفصلنامه دانشنامه حقوق اقتصادی، دوره جدید، سال بیست و دوم، شماره 7، صفحات 49-66.

 

  1. انگلیسی
  2. A) Books
  3. Anderson, Philip (1999), the Mariner's Guide to Marine Insurance, Nautical Institute.
  4. Bockenforde, Markus (2002), "the Introduction of Alien or New Species into the Sarine Environment: a Challenge for Standard Setting and Enforcement" , Marine Issues from a Scientific, Political and Legal Perspective, edited by: Peter Ehlers, Elisabeth Maan-Borgers and Rudiger Wolfrum, Leiden Netherland, Kluwer law international, first published.
  5. Bondansky, Daniel (2010), the Art and Craft of International Environmental Law, first published, Harvard college press.
  6. Bower, Adam (2017), Norms without the Great Powers International Law and Changing Social Standards in World Politics, Oxford University Press.
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  10. Hobe, Stephan (2005), the Role of Non-State Actors, in particular of NGOs, in Non-Contractual Law-Making and the Development of Customary International Law, the development of international law: in treaty making, springer.
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  1. B) Articles
  2. B. Korobkin, Russell (2000), "Behavioral Analysis and Legal Form: Rules vs. Standards Revisited", 79 Orlando. Law. Review, 23, pp. 23-60.
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  1. C) Documents
  2. Maritime Labor Convention, 2006, as amended at (2014), (2016) and (2018).
  3. Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, 1994.
  4. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982.
  5. OECD Recommendation of the Council on Common Approaches for Officially Supported Export Credits and Environmental and Social Due Diligence Diligence, 2012 and revised 2016.
  6. OIE, Resolution XXXII, Implications of private standards in international trade of animals and animal products, 76th General Session, 25–30 May 2008.
  7. Danish Ship owners' Association, Danish Shipping, Annual Logbook, 2016.
  8. SPS Committee, ‘Report of the Co-Stewards of the Private Standards E-Working Group on Action I’ G/SPS/W/276, 18 March 2014.

 

  1. D) Websites
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  3. https://site.rightship.com (Accessed on 1.3.2019)
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  8. https://www.iso.org/standard/60857.html