نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی
نویسنده
استادیار حقوق بین الملل، عضو هیئت علمی گروه حقوق عمومی و بینالملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی ،دانشگاه شیراز
چکیده
حیوانات از زمانهای بسیار قدیم نقش مهمی در مخاصمات مسلحانه داشتهاند. حمل آذوقه، سربازان و تجهیزات نظامی و پزشکی، جستجوی سربازان مجروح، آسیب به مواضع دشمن بهویژه از طریق انفجار بمبهای متصل به حیوانات، از مهمترین اشکال استفاده از حیوانات در مخاصمه میباشند. با توجه به افزایش استفاده از حیوانات بهویژه دلفینها توسط دولتها برای تحقق مقاصد نظامی در مخاصمات مسلحانه، شناخت استانداردها و چارچوبهای حمایتی راجع به آنها ضرورت دارد. از این رو این مقاله مبتنی بر یک روش توصیفی- تحلیلی به این سؤال پاسخ میدهد که حقوق بینالملل بشردوستانه چه رویکردی در این زمینه اتخاذ کرده است؟ این مقاله نتیجه میگیرد که به دلیل فقدان قواعد مشخص و خاص در حقوق بینالملل بشردوستانه در باب ممنوعیت استفاده از حیوانات به عنوان مقاصد نظامی، میبایست برای تبیین نظام حقوقی ناظر به موضوع، به سراغ عمومات قواعد بشردوستانه بخصوص مواد پروتکل اول الحاقی به کنوانسیونهای چهارگانۀ ژنو 1949 رفت. با در نظر گرفتن حیوانات به عنوان بخشی از محیط زیست و قرار دادن آنها در دستۀ اشیای خاص و حمایتشده تحت مادۀ 54 پروتکل مزبور میتوان چارچوبهای حمایتی برای آنها در نظر گرفت. البته با توجه به وضعیت خاص حیوانات در مقایسه با انسان، اجرای اصول حقوق بشردوستانه همچون تفکیک، تناسب و احتیاط نسبت به حیوان سرباز با پیچیدگیها و ابهاماتی روبهرو است.
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
The Approach of International Humanitarian Law to the Protection of Animals in Armed Conflict
نویسنده [English]
- Aghil Mohammadi
Assistant professor of International Law, Public and International Law Department, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Shiraz University
چکیده [English]
Animals have played an important role in armed conflicts since ancient times. Transporting supplies, soldiers and military and medical equipment, searching for wounded soldiers, damaging enemy positions, especially by detonating bombs attached to animals or their carcasses, are among the most important forms of using animals in conflict. Considering the increase in the use of animals, especially dolphins, by states to achieve military objectives in armed conflicts, it is necessary to know the standards and support frameworks regarding them. Therefore, this article, based on a descriptive-analytical method, answers the question, what approach has international humanitarian law adopted in this regard? This article concludes that due to the lack of specific rules in international humanitarian law on the ban on the use of animals as military purposes, it must be referred to the general humanitarian rules especially the articles of the first additional protocol to the Geneva conventions of 1949 to explain the legal system of the subject. By considering animals as a part of the environment and placing them in the category of special and protected objects under Article 54 of the said protocol, A support system can be considered for them. Of course, due to the special situation of animals compared to the human, the implementation of the principles of humanitarian rights, such as separation, proportionality, precautions in attack is faced with complications and ambiguities.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- Animal
- Conflict
- International Humanitarian Law
- Environment
- Object
- Combatant
- Prisoner of War
- فارسی
الف) کتابها
- ضیایی بیگدلی، محمدرضا (1401)، حقوق بینالملل بشردوستانه. چاپ ششم. تهران: انتشارات گنج دانش.
- کمیتۀ بینالملل صلیب سرخ (1396)، حقوق بشردوستانۀ بینالمللی، پاسخ به پرسشهای شما. تهران: کمیتۀ بینالمللی صلیب سرخ.
ب) مقالات
- حبیبی، همایون و رمضانی، صالحه (1393). وضعیت حقوقی سپرانسانی داوطلبانه در حقوق بشردوستانه بینالمللی. پژوهش حقوق عمومی، 16 (45)، 77-103.
- راعی دهقی، هاجر و نجفی، جواد (1395). حفاظت از محیط زیست در قبال خسارات ناشی از درگیری مسلحانه. علوم محیطی، 14 (2)، 139-153.
- شریفی طرازکوهی، حسین و صیادنژاد، محمدحسین (1399). اِعمال اصول بنیادین حقوق بینالملل بشردوستانه بر تسلیحات کاملاً خودکار بهعنوان ابزار نوین جنگی. مطالعات حقوق عمومی، 50 (2)، 575-551. doi.org/10.22059/jplsq.2018.241907.1584
- محمودی، امیر؛ نوری، ولیاله و عبدالمالکی، مهدی (1400). اصل تناسب؛ سنتز اصول تفکیک و ضرورت نظامی در حمایت از محیط زیست در مخاصمات مسلحانه بینالمللی. مطالعات بینالمللی، 18 (2)، 82-65. doi.org/10.22034/ISJ.2021.258742.1303
ج) سایتهای اینترنتی
- خبرآنلاین (1401). دلفینهای قاتل نظامی؛ محافظان پایگاههای دریایی روسیه. مشاهده در تاریخ 15/10/1401. از: https://www.khabaronline.ir/news/1684725
- انگلیسی
- A) Books
- Cooper, J. (2000). Animals in War. London: Corgi.
- Dinstein, Y. (2016). The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kistler, J. (2011). Animals in the Military: From Hannibal’s Elephants to the Dolphins of the US Navy. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara.
- Moore, L. (2017). Animals in the Great War. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword.
- Peters, A. (2021). Animals in International Law. Leiden: Brill.
- Sasso`li, M. (2019). International Humanitarian Law, Rules, Controversies, and Solutions to Problems Arising in Warfare. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
- Watts, S. (2015). Who Is a Prisoner of War. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
- Sandoz, Y et al., (1987). Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, International Committee of the Red Cross.
- International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) (2005). Customary International Humanitarian Law, Vol. I: Rules, Edited by: Jean-Marie Henckaerts, Louise Doswald-Beck, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- B) Articles
- de Hemptinne, J.; kebebew, T., & Niyo, J. J. (2022). Animals as Combatants and as Prisoners of War?. in: Animals in the International Law of Armed Conflict, edited by: Peters, A., Kolb, R., & de Hemptinne, J., Cambridge: Cambridge University, 171-183.
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- Hodin, A. (2021). The Legal Status of Animals in International Humanitarian Law. Academia Letters, 1, 2.
- Jenks, C. (2022). Animals as War Weapons. in: Animals in the International Law of Armed Conflict, edited by: Peters, A., Kolb, R., & de Hemptinne, J., Cambridge: Cambridge University, 150-170.
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- Karsten, N. (2015). Animals at war: the status of "animal soldiers" under international humanitarian law. Historical Social Research, 4 (40), 128-150. doi: 10.12759/hsr.40.2015.4.128-150
- Klamberg, M. (2019). Evolution of Rules and Concepts in International Humanitarian Law: Navigating Through Legal Gaps and Fault Lines. in: International Humanitarian Law and Justice, edited by: Mats Deland, M., Klamberg, M., & Wrange, P, London: Routledge, 79-84.
- Keck, T. (2017). What You Need to Know About Safe Zones”, Last Visited: 10 January 2023, https://intercrossblog.icrc.org/blog/whatyou-need-to-know-about-safe-zones
- Lostal, M. (2021). De-objectifying Animals Could they Qualify as Victims before the International Criminal Court. Journal of International Criminal Justice. 19 (3), 583-610. doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqab039
- Madrigal, A. C. (2011). Old, Weird Tech: The Bat Bombs of World War II, last visited: 6 January 2023, https://bit.ly/3zOQ6b.
- McDonald, J. (2018). How War Affects Wildlife. Last visited: 2 January 2023, https://daily. jstor.org/how-war-affects-wildlife/
- Pipia, S. (2022). Forgotten Victims of War: Animals and the International Law of Armed Conflict. Animal Law, 28, 177-208.
- Peters, A., & de Hemptinne, J. (2022). Animals in war: At the Vanishing point of International Humanitarian Law. International Review of the Red Cross, 104 (919), 1285-1314.
- Roscini, M. (2017). Animals and the Law of Armed Conflict. University of Westminster School of Law Research Paper, 1-46.
- Roscini, M. (2022). Animals as Property and as Objects. in: Animals in the International Law of Armed Conflict, edited by: Peters, A., Kolb, R., & de Hemptinne, J., Cambridge: Cambridge University, 73-91.
- Roberts, J. J. (2017). France Is Training Eagles to Kill Drones. Fortune, Last Visited: 13 January 2023, https://fortune.com/2017/02/22/drones-eagles-france/
- Turner, B. (2022). Russia is using military trained dolphins in the Black Sea, according to satellite images. last visited: 31 December of 2022, http:// www.livescience.com/russian-using-military-dolphins-satellite.
- C) Documents
- Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field (First Geneva Convention), 1949.
- Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 1977.
- Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-international Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), 1977.
- Universal declaration of animal rights, 1978.
- Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD), 1976.
- International Law Commission (ILC) (2020), Draft Principles on Protection of Environment in relation to Armed Conflict, UN Doc. A/77/10.
- ICRC, Guidelines on the Protection of the Environment in Armed Conflict: Rules and Recommendations Relating to the Protection of the Natural Environment under International Humanitarian Law, with Commentary, ICRC, Geneva, 2020, Preliminary Considerations.
- D) Cases
- Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226.
- E) Websites
- https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/object