دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران

نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه حقوق جزا و جرمشناسی دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

2 دانشیار دانشکدۀ حقوق، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد مشهد، مشهد، ایران

3 عضو هیات علمی پژوهشکده قوه قضائیه، تهران، ایران

چکیده

دادگاه ویژۀ لبنان پس از ترور رفیق حریری سیاستمدار لبنانی در سال 2005، از سوی شورای امنیت با هدف رسیدگی به این ترور و ترورهای مرتبط با آن و مجازات عاملان آن‌ها تشکیل شده است. در اساسنامۀ دادگاه و رویۀ قضایی آن تلاش فراوانی شده تا نوعی تطابق میان حقوق بین‌الملل کیفری و حقوق کیفری داخلی لبنان در حوزۀ مسئولیت کیفری اشخاص حقیقی برقرار شود. بر این مبنا، در تحقیق حاضر سعی شده تا با روشی توصیفی-تحلیلی به ارزیابی کارنامة دادگاه مزبور از منظر پیگیری مسئولیت کیفری اشخاص حقیقی همچنین مبارزه با پدیدۀ تروریسم پرداخته شود. بررسی رویۀ عملی دادگاه در فرایند منتهی به صدور رأی 18 آگوست 2020، حاکی از باقی ماندن برخی نارسایی‌های عمده در مسیر دستیابی این نهاد به اهداف خود است. شناسایی امکان محاکمة غیابی متهمان و تکیة دادگاه بر این‌گونه دادرسی، نه‌تنها تحدیدی برای تضمین حقوق بشر این افراد به‌شمار رفته، بلکه به‌نظر می‌رسد که نهاد یادشده در ارائه تعریف جامع و عام‌الشمول از تروریسم، همچنین مبارزه با پدیده بی‌کیفرمانی اعمال تروریستی نیز توفیق چندانی کسب نکرده است. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Criminal Responsibility of Individuals in the Special Tribunal for Lebanon

نویسندگان [English]

  • seyed hossien Mousavi Far 1
  • Abbas Sheikholeslami 2
  • Keivan Eghbali 3

1 Assistant Professor of Department of Criminal Law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

2 Associate Professor of Faculty of Law, Azad University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

3 Judiciary Research Institute, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

The Lebanese Special Court is a special tribunal established after 2005 assassination of Lebanese politician Rafik Hariri by Security Council with the aim of investigating the assassination and related assassinations and punishing their perpetrators. In this regard, although the statute of the court and its judicial procedure, have made great efforts to a kind of reconciliation between international criminal law and Lebanese domestic criminal law in the field of Criminal responsibility of Individuals. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the procedure of the mentioned court in a descriptive-analytical manner from the perspective of pursuing the criminal responsibility of individuals as well as the fight against the phenomenon of terrorism. The review of the court's practice in the process leading up to the August 18, 2020 verdict indicates that some major shortcomings remain in the institution's achievement of its goals. Recognizing the possibility of a trial in absentia and relying of The Lebanese Special Court on such trials is not only a threat to the human rights of these individuals, but also it seems that the court has not been very successful in providing a comprehensive definition of terrorism as well as in combating the phenomenon of impunity for terrorist acts.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Special tribunal for lebanon
  • assassination of rafik hariri
  • international criminal law
  • lebanese domestic criminal law
  • criminal responsibility of individual
  1. فارسی

    الف) مقالات

    1. آقائی جنت‌مکان، حسین (1388). تشکیل دادگاه ویژۀ لبنان؛ نگاهی متفاوت در حقوق کیفری بین‌المللی. فصلنامۀ مطالعات حقوق خصوصی، 39( 2)، شمارۀ پیاپی 2، 23-44.
    2. بیگ‌زاده، ابراهیم (1388). دادگاه ویژۀ لبنان: گامی در راه گسترش مبارزه با بی‌کیفری. تحقیقات حقوقی، 49، 145-185.
    3. زرنشان، شهرام (1393). مفهوم و ماهیت «عنصر مادی» در فرایند شکل‌گیری قواعد حقوق بین‌الملل عرفی. پژوهش‌های حقوق تطبیقی، 3، 77-99.
    4. شیخ‌الاسلامی، عباس (1396). مبانی تحولات قانونی در قلمرو مداخله‌کنندگان در ارتکاب جرم. پژوهشنامۀ حقوق کیفری ، 1( 15 پیاپی، 162-135
    5. صالحی، محمدخلیل و خسروشاهی، حسن (1396). محاکمۀ غیابی در دادگاه ویژۀ لبنان در سنجه حقوق بشر بین‌المللی. آموزه‌های حقوق کیفری، 14، 119-144.
    6. نجفی ابرندآبادی، علی‌حسین (1373). مسئولیت کیفری بین‌المللی. تحقیقات حقوقی، 15، 170-199.
    7. ورله، گرهارد (1387). جنایات علیه بشریت در حقوق بین‌الملل معاصر. ترجمۀ امیر ساعد وکیل، مجلۀ حقوقی بین‌المللی، 39، 59-100.

     

     

    1. انگلیسی
    2. A) Books
    3. Ambos, K. (2011). ‘Article 25: Individual Criminal Responsibility’.Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Second edition
    4. Cupido, Marjolein.(2014) Pluralism In Theories Of Liability: Joint Criminal Enterprise Versus Joint Perpetration” In Pluralism in International Criminal Law. edited by Elies Van Sliedregt and Sergey Vasiliev, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    5. Evans, M. D. (2007). Rome Statute of International Criminal Court (Statute of ICC). In International Law Documents, Eighth Edition. 428–77. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    6. Evans, M. D .(2007). Statute Of The International Tribunal For The Prosecution Of Persons Responsible For Serious Violations Of International Humanitarian Law Committed In The Territory Of The Former Yugoslavia Since 1991(Statute Of ICTY).” In International Law Documents, Eighth Edition. 352–61. Oxford: Oxford University Press

     

    1. B) Articles
    2. Ambos, K. (2007). Joint Criminal Enterprise and Command Responsibility., Journal of International Criminal Justice, 5(1), 159-183.
    3. Bassiouni, M. C. (1990). Functional Approach To General Principles Of International Law., Michigan Journal Of International Law, 11(3), 768-818.
    4. Bogdan, A. (2006). Individual Criminal Responsibility in the Execution of A ‘Joint Criminal Enterprise’ In the Jurisprudence Of The Ad Hoc International Tribunal For The Former Yugoslavia. International Criminal Law Review, 6(1), 63-120.
    5. Elberling, B. (2008). The Next Step In History-Writing Through Criminal Law: Exactly How Tailor-Made Is the Special Tribunal for Lebanon?. Leiden Journal of International Law, 21(2), 529 – 538.
    6. 9. Meloni, C. (2007). Command Responsibility; Mode of Liability for the Crimes of Subordinates or Separate Offence of the Superior?. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 5(3), 619-637.

    10 Milanovic, M. (2007). an Odd Couple Domestic Crimes and International Responsibility in the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 5)5(,1139-1152.

    1. Saul, B. (2012). Special Tribunal for Lebanon and Terrorism as an International Crime: Reflection on Judicial Functions. The Sydney Law School Research Paper, n.12/64.
    2. Vetter, G. R. (2000). Command Responsibility of Non-Military Superiors in the International Criminal Court (ICC).Yale Journal of International Law, 25)1(, 89-143.

     

    1. C) Reports
    2. United Nations Security Council (2006). “Report Of The Secretary-General On The Establishment Of A Special Tribunal For Lebanon(Report Of UNSG On STL).” UN Doc. S/2006/839

     

     

    1. D) Documents
    2. Lebanese Criminal Code, 1943
    3. Statute of International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (Statute Of ICTR), 1994. http://www.unictr.org/sites/unictr.org/files/legal-library/100131_Statute_en_fr_0.pdf.
    4. Statute of Special Court for Sierra Leone (Statute of SCSL), 2002. http://www.rscsl.org/Documents/scsl-statute.pdf.
    5. United Nations Charter
    6. United Nations Security Council. Statute of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (Statute of STL). UN Doc. S/RES/1757(2007), 2007.

     

    1. E) Judgments
    2. International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia(ICTY) , Prosecutor vs. Furundizia, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991(ICTY), Judgement in The Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-95-17/1-T (1998).
    3. International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), Prosecutor vs. Tadic, Judgement in the Appeal Chamber, Case No. IT-94-1-A (1999).
    4. International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), The Prosecutor vs. Blaskic, Judgement in The Appeals Chamber, Case No. IT-95-14-T (2000).
    5. International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), The Prosecutor vs. Kupernic, Judgement in The Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-95-16-T (2000).
    6. International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), The Prosecutor vs. Kvocka et al, Judgement in The Trial Chamber, Case No. IT-98-30/1-T (2001).
    7. International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), Prosecutor v Hadzihasanovic, Case No. IT-01–47–AR72 Judgment in Jurisdiction Appeal 2003).
    8. International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), Prosecutor vs. Momčilo Perišić, Judgement in The Appeal Chamber, Case No. IT-04-81-A, (2013).
    9. Internationa Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda(ICTR), The Prosecutor vs Clément Kayishema and Obed Ruzindana, Case No. ICTR-95-1-T, Judgement of Chamber II 1999).
    10. nternationa Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), The Prosecutor vs. Jean-Paul Akayesu, Judgement of Chamber I Case No. ICTR-96-4-T (1998).
    11. Special Tribunal For Sierra Leone, The Prosecutor Against Issa Hassan Sesay Also Known As Issa Sesay, Case No. SCSL-03-07-I-001-B (2003).
    12. Special Tribunal for Sierra Leone, the Prosecutor against Morris Kallon Also Known As Hilai Karim, Indictment Case No. SCSL-03-05-I-001-B (2003).
    13. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, Decision on Appeal of Pre-Trial Judge’s order regarding Jurisdiction and Standing, Case No. CH/AC/2010/02, (2010).
    14. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, Interlocutory decision on the applicable law: terrorism, conspiracy, homicide, perpetration, cumulative charging, Case No. STL-11-01/I, (2011).
    15. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, Prosecutor v Ayyash et al, Indictment, Pre-Trial Judge Case No. STL-11-01/I/PTJ (2011).
    16. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, Prosecutor v. Ayyash et. al., Appeals Chamber Decision on Defense Appeals against Trial Chamber’s Decision on Reconsideration of the Trial in Absentia Decision, Case No. STL, 11-01- PT/AC/AR/126.1(2012)
    17. Special Tribunal For Lebanon, The Prosecutor V. Salim Jamil Ayyash Hassan Habib Merhi Hussein Hassan Oneissi Assad Hassan Sabra,, Stl-11-01/T/Tc,( 2020)

     

    1. F) Thesis
    2. Clere, Almiro, An Examination of the Special Tribunal Lebanon’s Explosive Declaration of Terrorism at Customary International Law, Dissertation for the degree of Bachelor of Law, University of Otago, 2012.

     

    1. G) Website
    2. Fremuth, M. L. (2020) the Special Tribunal for Lebanon: After the Judgment in Ayyash et al., Justice at Last?

    At: http://opiniojuris.org/2020/10/26/the-special-tribunal-for-lebanon-after-the-judgment-in-ayyash-et-al-justice-at-last/

    1. Blanford, N. (2010) Is Hezbollah right that Israel assassinated Lebanon's Rafik Hariri?

    At: https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2010/0810/Is-Hezbollah-right-that-Israel-assassinated-Lebanon-s-Rafik-Hariri

    1. Cornish, C., ‘No evidence’ Hizbollah leaders were behind murder of Rafiq Hariri

    https://www.ft.com/content/39f54c47-eacb-4925-8335-89fc73227a51